Finals Fun!! :) :) :)

Okay, well maybe studying tons of hours isn't the best thing in the whole world, but here is some help that may assist you in focusing the time you've decided to donate to ICB!

Characteristics of Life:
Know what IS a characteristic of life and what isn't (if it's not on the list, it's not required by all animals or organisms for life)

Know biotic and abiotic factors (temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, oxygen content, etc. are abiotic factors and living things like trees, squid, fish, dogs, cats, worms are biotic)

Know what the word homeostasis means

Macromolecules:
Know what the drawings of all the macromolecules look like
Know what all the functional groups look like
Know about saturated and unsaturated fats
Know the functions of all macromolecules

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Know the functions of the digestive system, circulatory, and respiratory system.
Know the functions of organs (stomach, small intestine, arteries, veins, capillaries, lungs, etc.)
Know about bolus and chyme
Know animal and plant cell parts and the differences between animal and plant cell parts
Know the functions of the cell membrane and what it is made up of
Know what particles can cross a cell membrane through diffusion vs. facilitated diffusion
Know the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis
Know that if ATP is anywhere in the drawing; it's an ATP pump
Know the difference between active and passive transport---unless it's doing something active within the cell like using ATP, attacking something, fighting off something, or anything similar, it's probably passive.
Passive (diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis) goes from high concentration to low concentration
Active (endo and exocytosis; ATP pumps) goes from low concentration to high concentration.
Know about osmosis and how to do osmosis problems that have to do with hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. There are at least 3 on the final.
Know what impermeable means.

Know the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Know what processes for photosynthesis and cellular respiration happen in plants and which happen in animals and which happen in both
Know about chloroplasts and mitochondria
Know about the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Know about fermentation (happens in plants-yields ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide) and lactic acid build-up-happens in animals
Know that fermentation and lactic acid buildup although they don't use oxygen ARE STILL PART of cellular respiration.
Know the cycles and what goes in (reactants) and what goes out (products)
Know that photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy while cellular respiration takes the stored energy in glucose (sugar) and converts it into a useable form our body can use (ATP).
Know about the structure of DNA (nucleotide-3 parts and differences as compared to RNA)
Know how to make the other half of DNA and that this happens in the nucleus
Know how to make mRNA and that this happens in the nucleus
Know how to use mRNA and convert to amino acids
1 amino acid= 1 codon
3 nucleotides or A, T, C and G's are needed to make one codon.
Many amino acids are joined together to form a protein. They join together through condensation reactions and the formation of peptide bonds. When the amino acids are in this stage, it is called primary protein folding stage.
When you use polarity or are discussing alpha helices (plural of helix) or beta sheets, you are in secondary protein folding stage.
When the CYS or cysteines that are present in the amino acid chain come together to form what's known as a disulfide bridge, that's tertiary protein folding stage.
When many tertiary structures join together, that's quaternary stage.
Most all proteins have to be in quaternary stage to function, although a few function in tertiary.

One function proteins have in the body is as enzymes. Enzymes are PROTEINS that are responsible for helping to speed the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy. The three things that effect enzymes the most are: concentration, pH and temperature.

Each enzyme has its own temperature range and pH range where it operates the best and the more there is of it, the faster the reaction goes.

It might help you to go through these and if you have questions on any of them, highlight them or make a note and ask me about them on Monday or Tuesday if you're in 1st or 2nd hour. I hope this helps. If there's anything else you want to know, leave me a message here. Happy Studying!

PS. It was nice to see some of you at school today swimming and playing basketball!!
Pat Sullivan: The open gym for volleyball on Monday is from 8 to 10 p.m.. FYI